A CHOLAS- A EMPIRE OF TAMILNADU

             A CHOLAS- A EMPIRE OF TAMILNADU 

The Cholas were the most important of the royal families that ruled Tamil Nadu. During their time, Tamil Nadu excelled in art and culture. It also experienced some economic development. The Cholas can be divided into 3 types:
1) The Cholas of the Purana period
2) The Cholas of the Sangam period
3) The Historical Cholas

We call the historical Cholas the "Imperial Cholas". The Cholas claimed to have descended from the "Sun dynasty". They also inscribed the same in copper plates and inscriptions. The following evidence is very important to know about the Cholas.
1) The Puranas
2) Literature
3) Inscriptions
4) Copper plates

Although there are no inscriptional sources other than literature to know about the Cholas of the Sangam period, there are references about them in the copper plates published by the Imperial Cholas. However, the history of the Cholas of the Sangam period is not clear.
1) Karikala Peruvalathan
2) Karikala Thirumavalavan
3) Kopperunal Killi
4) Kopperunjozhan
4) Nalankilli
5) Nedungilli
7) Kochengananan

Among these, Kochengananan built more than 70 Shiva temples around the Kaveri river in Tirucha. They mostly issued copper coins engraved with the tiger symbol. 

There is also a song sung by Nakkannaiyar in the Purananuru about the victory of the Chola prince named Porvai Kopperunarkilli over the Amur Mallan. He is said to be the son of Chittrasan named Thithiyan. 

The construction of a kallanai in the Kaveri river during the Sangam Cholas was a great achievement. There are no clear references about what happened to the Cholas after the Sangam period. 

After that, the Cholas rose up only during the reign of Kumarangusan's son Vijayalayan. In fact, it is not known what the connection between the Cholas of the Sangam period and Kumarangusan is Unable to know.He was the king of Pazhayarai near Kumbakonam, and his son Vijayalaya he defeat mutharayar in Tanjore and  established foundation of Chola empire.

The history of the Cholas during the Vijayalaya period can be divided into 3 sections.
1) Early Cholas
2) Middle Cholas
3) Eastern Chalukya-Cholas

It is hard to determine the precise economic conditions from Vijayalaya’s period, but one can learn something about the art history of the time. He is said to have built, among other shrines, a temple for Nissumba Sudhani in Tanjore and a Siva temple at Narthamalai in Pudukkottai district. His son, the first Aditya, killed the Pallava king Aparajita in battle and seized the Tondaimandalam region. 

The Thiruppurambiyam battle, which played a decisive role in reversing Chola fortunes, was crucial in these events. In that battle the Pandyas fought on the side of the Pallavas against the Cholas. During this period many temples were constructed. The Srinivasa Nallur Kuranganathar Temple is an especially notable example. After the reign of Adhithya-I  his son Parandhaka came to thoron who was defeated lot of countries. 

Takkolam war which is between Rashtrakudas and Cholas, when he lost Elder son Rajathdhithya in this war and lost their power in some parts of Thondai Mandalam. Then  Parantaka son Kandarathithya came to Throne and Ruled few years only.  Takkolam War consider as "Turning Point" of Chola History. 

after the death Arinjaya Chola who ruled Chola Country but unfortunately he died in war with Pandyas. his granson Raja Raja-I The Great built Sepulchral temple in melpadi hence arinjaya was known as "AATRUR THUNJIYA DEVAR". This Period was very confusing period of chola history.  after the death of Arinjaya Sundara Chola alice Parantaka-II was taken over the chola Administration. a lot of war in his times and built lot of sivan temples. 

he lost commander-in chief in srilankan war who belong to kodumbalur velir Clan known as "Budhi Vikrama kesari". kodumbalur  three temples were built in Sundara Chola reign.

a small dark period was appeared in Chola History yes, an important chola prince and son of Sundra Chola Adhithya Karikala was murdered by Brahmins as per Udayarkudi inscription in kaatu mannar kovil. after his death uttama chola came to power.  an empire Raja Raja-I the Great came to power in 985 AD.  so many achievements between in his period.
1) Srilankan war
2) war in Kandhalur Salai
3) wars in thadigaipaadi nulambadi in kannada countrty

4) built some Siva Temple especially Tanjore big temple.

5) Devaram hymns in sivan temple

Raja Raja son Rajendra such  great King and had been Powers. he invaded Java,Sumathra,Kadaram and  some parts of North India. he also had powerful ship and Military Expansion . after the rule of Rajendra-I really Chola Administration collapsed.  he formed a city Gangai Konda Cholapuram and built a temple, named "gangai Konda Choleewaram who died in 1044 AD  Rajadhi Raja-I son of Rajendra-I CAME TO Throne and ruled few years only  died in battle of Koppam with Chalukyas. every elder sons of Chola empires were died in wars which is common in chola history. 

After Rajadhiraja-I  some Rulers powerless and also end with Adhi Rajendra the last Tamil-Chola king.

Eastern-Chalukya-Cholas
Raja Raja-I the great had matrimonial alliance with vengi Chalukyas hence  son of Narendira, Kulothgunga-1 alice Rajendra came to power in 1070 AD and Ruled 50 years upto 1120 AD.  here after the cholas their political Power. The last chola King defeated by Maravarman Sundara Pandaya and he destroyed chola country. 

Conclusion
A Chola empired Administrated Tamil Nadu More than 400 years. art and Architecture well developed in this period.




Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Ancient Architecture in TamilNadu

                Ancient Architecture in TamilNadu  The history of architecture in Tamil Nadu dates back to the Megalithic Age, i.e. from the 1000 BC. Among these Megalithic monuments, stone mounds and stone cairns resemble building structures. A "stone cist" is a square structure made up of four large stones, covered with large stones. There are holes in it for placing objects. "Dolmens" is also of the same type but is buried in the ground. Such monuments were built for the dead. During the Sangam period, there were religious buildings such as temples and Buddhist and Jain monasteries. However, they were mostly built of bricks. According to Silappadhikaram and Manimekalai, temples were called "Kottam". Temples and other royal residences were called Kottam. The architectural structures of Tamil Nadu from the Sangam period to the historical period can be classified as follows. 1) Temples 2) Monasteries 3) Forts 4) Palaces 5) Boathouses 6) Wareh...
Read more

Tamil Proverbs about Animals

                      Tamil Proverbs about Animals In this article, you will find proverbs about animals. Various proverbs have been created in Tamil using animals as metaphors. Such proverbs are mostly common in villages. Some of the village stories of Tamil Nadu are depicted on Indus Valley pottery. The story of a crow drinking water by putting pebbles in a pottery jar and the story of a fox cheating a crow to get a cake are also depicted. Indus Valley culture is similar to Tamil civilization in many ways. 1) அசைந்து தின்கிறது மாடு அசையாமல் தின்கிறது வீடு- The cow eats while moving, the house eats without moving. it means who living without any hard work. 2)  பால் சட்டிக்கு பூனை காவல்- Cat guarding the milk jug.  3)  சூடு கண்ட பூனை அடுப்பங்கரை சேராது-A cat that sees heat will not go near the stove. 4) மதில் மேல் பூனை-Cat on the wall- it denotes uncertainty. 5) ஆடு நனைகிறது என்று ஓநாய் அழுததாம்-The wolf cri...
Read more

Ornament and Vessels of Cholas to the Temples

                Ornament and Vessels of Cholas to the                                                        Temples In Tamil Nadu, most of the temples were built during the Chola period, and many brick temples were converted into stone temples. The kings and queens donated gold, silver, pearls, and gold and silver vessels to build the temples. The inscriptions in the Thanjavur Great Temple mention that Rajaraja Chola I and his queens and officials donated ornaments and vessels. Not only the Thanjavur Great Temple inscriptions, but most of the Chola inscriptions mention this. Along with these ornaments, they also made idols of gods made of metals like copper, gold and silver. 1) திருப்பட்டம் 2) எக்காளம்- (it is a Musical Instrument) 3) பொன் கெண்டி 4) கிடாரம்  5) செப்புக் குடம் ( f...
Read more